Insulin at a glance: What is insulin and how does it work?

Insulin at a glance: What is insulin and how does it work?

Insulin at a glance: What is insulin and how does it work?

The hormone insulin plays a crucial role in the human body, particularly in metabolism and regulating blood sugar levels. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and is essential for the absorption and utilization of glucose in the cells. In this article, we take a detailed look at insulin, its functions and how it does its job.

What is insulin?

Insulin is a hormone produced by special cells in the pancreas called beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. It is released into the blood and has various tasks in the body. Its main function is to regulate blood sugar levels and ensure that cells receive sufficient energy. Insulin allows glucose, a type of sugar, to be absorbed from the blood into cells, where it is used as an energy source.

How does insulin work?

When we eat carbohydrates such as rice, bread or anything containing sugar, they are broken down into glucose in the digestive tract and absorbed into the blood. This causes blood sugar levels to rise. In response, the pancreas produces insulin and releases it into the blood. Insulin binds to specific receptors on cell surfaces, which stimulates cells to bring glucose transporters to their surface.

The glucose transporters then allow glucose to enter the cells, bringing blood sugar levels back to normal. Within the cells, glucose is broken down to produce energy or converted into glycogen, which is stored in the muscles and liver. If necessary, glycogen can be converted into glucose and released back into the blood.

The role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism

Insulin plays a crucial role in carbohydrate metabolism by regulating the breakdown and storage of glucose. When glucose levels in the blood are too high, for example after a meal, insulin production begins to break down the excess glucose from the blood and store it in the cells. This lowers blood sugar levels and ensures there is enough energy.

In contrast, when blood sugar levels are low, for example after a long period of fasting or physical exertion, there is less insulin production. This stimulates glycogen storage in the liver and increases glucose release from glycogen stores. In this way, the blood sugar level is raised again.

Insulin and diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease in which the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin or use it effectively. This causes blood sugar levels to rise permanently, which can lead to long-term health complications. There are two main forms of diabetes: type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin due to an autoimmune reaction. Patients with type 1 diabetes therefore need to take external insulin to control their blood sugar levels. This is usually done through regular injections of insulin or through the use of insulin pumps.

In type 2 diabetes, the body is still able to produce insulin, but the cells no longer respond appropriately to the hormone. This is called insulin resistance. Consistent control of blood sugar levels and a healthy lifestyle can help improve insulin resistance.

Frequently asked questions about insulin

What are the symptoms of insulin deficiency?

A lack of insulin can lead to symptoms such as increased thirst, excessive urination, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, and increased susceptibility to infections. These symptoms can occur with untreated type 1 diabetes.

What role does insulin play in weight gain?

Insulin is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels as well as fat metabolism processes in the body. Consistently controlling blood sugar levels through insulin can contribute to better weight management.

What happens if too much insulin is injected?

If too much insulin is injected, blood sugar levels can drop sharply, which can lead to a condition called hypoglycemia. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include tremors, weakness, sweating, confusion, loss of consciousness and, in the worst cases, a life-threatening condition. It is important to take insulin in the correct dosage and according to the instructions of your doctor.

Can physical activity affect insulin levels?

Yes, physical activity can affect insulin levels. Regular exercise can improve insulin sensitivity, which leads to better glucose uptake into cells and can lower blood sugar levels.

Conclusion

Insulin is an essential hormone that plays an important role in metabolism and regulating blood sugar levels. It allows glucose to be absorbed into the cells and ensures that there is sufficient energy. In diabetes mellitus, insulin production or action is impaired, which requires careful control of blood sugar levels. With regular insulin intake or improving insulin sensitivity through a healthy lifestyle, diabetics can lead a well-controlled life.